Juneteenth History: The 156 year journey from June 19, 1865 to becoming the United States 11th National Holiday on June 17, 2021
June 17, 2021 at 4:00 pm
WASHINGTON (AGN.News) – President Joe Biden signed into law, at the White House, the creation of Juneteenth National Independence Day as a national holiday to be celebrated each year on June 19. As a national holiday, Juneteenth will be the 11th federal national holiday.
The journey from conception to reality traveled a long and mountainous road filled with indescribable horrors. The journey began two and a half years after the Emancipation Proclamation took effect on January 1, 1863 and ended slavery in the Confederacy. The 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, issued this proclamation to set free all enslaved peoples in Union held territories.
Slave owners “believe slavery was right”
Plantation owners of slaves all over the southern United States were real believers in the concept of slave ownership.
So convinced they were right, that they joined in “The Rebellion” and went to war two years earlier in an effort hold on to their slaves. Why not? The owner class raked in billions of dollars of generational wealth for scores of years. All of this money pilling up in banks, building mansions, buying more land to raise cotton and other investments while working the enslaved African Americans, they called “property”, for free, paying no wages.
Enslaved African Americans were used to build the White House and countless other building that still remain, along with monuments in Washington D.C. and beyond. Slaves worked on the U.S. Capital complex, pouring concrete, building support columns, building the dome and more. All while getting no pay … only food and used clothing that paled in comparison to what their masters (many were U.S. politicians) enjoyed.
The enslaved were denied any concept of freedom (except by a few owners). The owner class and their allies terrorized these people to no end. They setup badge wearing “Slave Patrols” which evolved into local sheriffs and police, to catch runaway slaves and incarcerate them on penal plantations or returned them to their masters.
Most runaway slaves were beaten, hanged, or sold to new “masters” far away from their families, never to see them again. In the view of these “Slave Patrols” … all Black people were “less than human” and deserved to be on plantations working for free.
The owner class held a tight grip on these slaves. Slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write. Schooling was generally non-existent except under special circumstances, like at church.
“Masters” always felt the need to constantly monitor the slave’s location, their work performance, who they talked to, how they spent their time. Since they were viewed as property, they had no rights. The owner class wanted to keep it that way. After all, it was free labor with a minimum of expense to maintain.
Many Americans wanted to see a change
Beginning in 1822, slaves in Mississippi were protected by law from cruel and unusual punishment by their owners. The Southern slave codes made the willful killing of a slave illegal in most cases. For example, the 1860 Mississippi case of George W. Oliver v. The State charged the defendant with murdering his own slave.
African Americans like escaped slave, Frederick Douglass. He became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, becoming famous for his oratory.
Americans like American abolitionist leader John Brown, born on May 9, 1800, fought against slavery with the desire to end this “stain” on America. Brown, who was White, felt that violence was necessary to end American slavery, since peaceful efforts had failed.
Brown said repeatedly that in working to free the enslaved he was following the Golden Rule, as well as the U.S. Declaration of Independence which stated “all men are created equal”. Brown died for the cause of ending slavery on December 2, 1859.
Former enslaved people helped
African Americans like Civil War veteran and escaped slave Harriet Tubman wanted to see a better life for slaves. “Moses”, as she was called (like the Biblical Moses delivering the Israelites from Egyptian slavery) used the Underground Railroad to guide dozens upon dozens of slaves to freedom.
Born enslaved in Dorchester County, Maryland, Tubman was beaten and whipped by her various masters as a child. Early in life, she suffered a traumatic head wound when an irate overseer threw a two-pound (1 kg) metal weight at another enslaved person who was attempting to flee, but hit her instead. Tubman said, it “broke my skull”.
Bleeding and unconscious, she was returned to her owner’s house, where she remained without medical care for two days. After the injury, Tubman frequently experienced extremely painful headaches, dizziness, pain, and spells of hypersomnia, which occurred throughout the rest of her life.
Despite the efforts of the slaveholders, who placed an ad in the Cambridge Democrat newspaper for her capture, Tubman was not captured. The slaveholders offered a reward of US$100 each (equivalent to $3,110 in 2020) for capture of Harriet Tubman, and her brothers Henry and Ben. Her brothers and Tubman later returned. Tubman escaped again, using the Underground Railroad, never to return.
Tubman and the fugitives she assisted were never captured. Years later, she told an audience: “I was conductor of the Underground Railroad for eight years, and I can say what most conductors can’t say – I never ran my train off the track and I never lost a passenger.”
Harriet Tubman joins the Union effort
When the Civil War began, Tubman worked for the Union Army, first as a cook preparing meals for the soldiers and, at seeing the constant flow of war injuries, she became a nurse, and later as an armed scout and spy.
Tubman was the first woman to lead an armed expedition in the war. The raid in enemy country at Combahee Ferry. The Combahee River Raid was a military operation during the American Civil War conducted on June 1 and June 2, 1863, by elements of the Union Army along the Combahee River in Beaufort and Colleton counties in the South Carolina Lowcountry.
Harriet Tubman, who had escaped from slavery in 1849 and guided many others to freedom, led an expedition of 150 African American soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment. The Union ships rescued and transported more than 750 former slaves freed five months earlier by the Emancipation Proclamation, many of whom joined the Union Army.
After a long life of service to her country, she still found time to share some words of encouragement. Just before she died in 1913, she told those in the room: “I go to prepare a place for you.” Tubman was buried with semi-military honors at Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn, New York.
Harriet Tubman, after dedicating her entire life to fighting slavery and helping to free its victims, passed away on March 10, 1913 at the age of 91 in Auburn, New York.
Slaveholders strike back to keep slavery
Unknown to John Brown at the time of his death, many Americans felt that violence was necessary to end or preserve American slavery. Sixteen months after his death, the American Civil War began on April 12, 1861. Eleven states seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America (CSA).
In 1861, Union General Robert E. Lee chose to follow his home state, Virginia, and became a Confederate General, despite his desire for the country to remain intact and an offer of a senior Union command.
Convinced that White supremacy and the institution of slavery were threatened by the November 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln to the U.S. presidency, slaveholders rebelled against the Union.
In a speech known today as the Cornerstone Address, Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens described its ideology as centrally based “upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the White man, that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and normal condition”.
The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when the Confederates attacked Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.
Confederate president Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort. Having won in the battle of Fort Sumter, the Confederacy felt they could win the war. Davis ordered General P. G. T. Beauregard to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive. The attack on Fort Sumter rallied the North in defense of America.
The Confederate Congress authorized up to 100,000 troops sent by governors as early as February. By May, Jefferson Davis was pushing for 100,000 men under arms for one year or the duration. Many more would be needed if the Confederacy hoped to win and keep their slaves.
The Union responded with hundreds of thousands to put down the Confederates. Mary Edwards Walker, the only woman to ever receive the Medal of Honor, served in the Union Army and was given the medal for her efforts to treat the wounded during the war. History notes the brave 300,000 Colored troops fought along side White troops.
The Confederacy collapses in a big way
On March 18, 1865, the Confederacy’s civilian government disintegrated in a chaotic manner: the Confederate States Congress adjourned, effectively ceasing to exist as a legislative body. After four years and 27 days of heavy fighting and 620,000–850,000 military deaths (on both sides), all Confederate land and naval forces either surrendered or otherwise ceased hostilities.
Historians have generally agreed that the Confederates and White supremacy could never have won in 1861. With enthusiasm, the 750,000–1,000,000 (several hundred thousand were 17 years old or younger) strong army and naval forces, with 436,658 captured as prisoners of war, the Confederates who started the war could never win with massive losses. Trans-Mississippi Department was the last to surrender on May 26, 1865.
The White supremacists fought, died, saw their homes and property destroyed, families dead, wounded or destitute, their slaves freed, a collapsed economy, and their Confederacy wiped out.
More losses included the South’s infrastructure being destroyed, especially its railroads and upwards of 864,000+ casualties on the Confederate side alone. White supremacists and their allies found it hard to believe their cause was lost from the very beginning.
In a last effort to find international legitimacy, the Confederacy offered, late in the war, to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition from Great Britain. That offer was ignored.
Four years and 27 days later on April 9, 1865, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at the Appomattox Court House, the war was over. Confederate generals throughout the Southern states followed suit, the last surrender on land occurring on June 23, 1865.
The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished upon ratification of the thirteenth amendment, and four million enslaved Black people were freed. History shows the error of the Confederate leadership, having the idea that they could start their own country in which over 4,000,000 (million) people could remain slaves indefinitely and fighting the Union would preserve slavery. Today, remnants of the losses and attitudes still remain some 156 years later.
Federal Government (The Union) strikes back
The United States was built on strong foundations and institutions. The U.S. government had to answer when attacked at Fort Sumter, South Carolina. The entire U.S. Army numbered only 16,000. To win required many more soldiers. So many answered the call and volunteered. European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland. 100,000 Union soldiers were 15 years or younger. The Union eventually had over 2,200,000 men, upwards of 5,000 women (disguised as men), and around 300,000 freed slaves in uniform.
General William Tecumseh Sherman served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, receiving recognition for his command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the scorched earth policies he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States. He has been called “the first modern general”.
General Sherman tried to help freed slaves in the south. On January 12, 1865, Sherman met in Savannah with Secretary of War Edwin Stanton and with twenty local Black leaders. They discussed the plight of freed slaves.
Four days later, on January 16th, Sherman issued his Special Field Orders, No. 15. The orders provided for the settlement of 40,000 freed slaves and Black refugees on land expropriated from White landowners in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.
Sherman appointed Brig. Gen. Rufus Saxton, an abolitionist from Massachusetts who had previously directed the recruitment of Black soldiers, to implement that plan. Those orders, which became the basis of the claim that the Union government had promised freed slaves “40 acres and a mule”, were revoked later that year by President Andrew Johnson. As a former slave owner of 14 slaves, according to the 1860 Federal Census, he would not approve of slaves becoming landowners.
On June 19, 1865 Union Army General Gordon Granger and over 2,000 Union troops arrived in Galveston, Texas to end the Confederacy’s institutional slavery. Troops went throughout Galveston with the announcement of General Order No. 3, proclaiming and enforcing freedom of enslaved people in Texas.
“All slaves are free” was the message. The long desired day of freedom and hope for a better life had arrived. 246 years of institutional slavery since 1619 in the Confederacy and other states was over.
This 1865 “freedom” event ushered in a new era of recognition for African Americans and their role in pooling their collective energy, building America’s communities, infrastructure and institutions.
U.S. Government’s role after the war
Andrew Johnson of Tennessee became the 17th president of the United States on April 15, 1865. He tried more often than not, to prevent African Americans from gaining citizenship and having the power of having voting rights. When he was a Tennessee senator stated that the phrase “all men are created equal” as found in the Declaration of Independence did not apply to African Americans.
Historians confirmed that would have been a normal reaction from a man, who two years earlier was a slave owner. To admit otherwise would have meant that his actions as a slave owner and that of all slave owners, including former slaveholder Presidents, were in full violation of the very document they signed, the United States Constitution.
On February 22, 1866, Washington’s Birthday, Johnson gave an impromptu speech to supporters who had marched to the White House. However, in his hour-long speech he spoke of himself over 200 times rather than the nation’s first president. That speech cost his party 200,000 votes in the 1866 mid-term Congressional elections.
As president he was now faced with signing the Civil Rights Act of 1866. This act was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law.
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is defined as “An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights and liberties, and furnish the Means of their Vindication.”
Johnson was strongly urged by moderates to sign the Civil Rights Act of 1866, Johnson broke decisively with them by vetoing it on March 27, 1866. Three weeks later Congress had overridden his veto, the first time that had been done on a major bill in American history.
Congress was very unhappy with some of Johnson’s actions as President. On February 24, 1868, the House impeached the President. On March 5, 1868, the impeachment trial began in the Senate and lasted for 3 months.
Since Johnson had no Vice President, Senators were reluctant to convict him and remove him from office because of who would become President. His successor would have been Ohio Senator Benjamin Wade, the president pro tempore of the Senate.
Senator Benjamin Wade established a reputation as one of the most radical American politicians of the era, favoring women’s suffrage, trade union rights, and equality for African-Americans. Had he became President, the plight of African Americans would have improved drastically. Women would have been registered to vote and more.
On May 16, 1868, the Senate voted on the 11th article of impeachment. Thirty-five senators voted “guilty” and 19 “not guilty”, thus falling short by a single vote of the two-thirds majority required for conviction under the Constitution. To prevent Senator Benjamin Wade from becoming President the Senate chose not to convict Johnson and remove him from office.
Johnson was later denied a second term. It became obvious to many onlookers that he would not give full recognition to freed slaves. Johnson’s strong opposition to federally guaranteed rights for Black Americans is widely criticized by historians; he is regarded by many historians as one of the worst presidents in American history.
The Fourteenth Amendment gave hope
Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment which gave citizenship to former slaves. Nonetheless, the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868. The amendment’s first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process Clause, and Equal Protection Clause.
The amendment form the basis for the landmark Supreme Court 1954 decision in the Brown v. Board of Education case regarding racial segregation gave more hope for recognition.
The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people, including all non-citizens, within its jurisdiction. This clause has been the basis for many decisions rejecting irrational or unnecessary discrimination against people belonging to various groups.
Hope for full recognition continues
When Abraham Lincoln died on April 15, 1865, the hopes and dreams of many freed slaves were dashed. However, many knew the President had announced their freedom in the now-enforced Emancipation Proclamation that had taken effect on January 1, 1863. The word was slow in reaching the slaves in many scattered places across the country, like Texas. The slave owners knew but they were not about to tell their free-labor, “You’re free, now I have to pay you to work.”
Rather than being downhearted, many freed slaves found reasons to celebrate. History records on May 1, 1865, recently freed African Americans held a parade in Charleston, South Carolina, of 10,000 people to honor 257 dead Union soldiers, whose remains they had reburied from a mass grave in a Confederate prison camp.
So, the enslaved kept slaving for their masters, with no hope of seeing their life and the life of their family change. Millions lived and died as enslaved people, never seeing true freedom.
The journey to real freedom began on January 1, 1863 with the recognition by America that these free slaves wanted a better life for their families. They were no threat to the economic survival of European Americans. African Americans just wanted to be treated equally, they wanted recognition, acknowledgement of their role in building America and be free to draw wages.
Formally enslaved see “light in the tunnel”
One fact the owner class missed was that no one is free when millions are slaves. Having wealth does not make one “free.” The main difference between people is some have more money than others. People come in different colors but “all are brothers” with the same issues, problems, health concerns, children, and more.
When masters needed people they could trust to raise their children, they called enslaved Black women to raise them, dress them, wash their cloths, cook good meals and on many occasions bathe their masters.
When illness came masters looked to the enslaved for help. Slaves knew the end of slavery was coming. They just did not know when. They just continued celebrating as groups, making music, singing, and creating as good a life as was possible.
Juneteenth: A 156 year journey to a holiday
For more than 156 years African Americans have tried unsuccessfully to make this date a national holiday, a day of recognition. This journey to becoming a national holiday began on June 19, 1865 when thousands of Union Soldiers came to Galveston, Texas.
The soldiers informed both plantation owners and enslaved African Americans that slavery in Union-controlled areas had ended and that they were free. Plantation owners knew they were free on January 1, 1863 but continued to work them for free as slaves. Union soldiers brought that to an end on June 19, 1865. The enslaved people rejoiced and sang praises when they heard the news.
Along the way were millions who wanted this holiday. Many African American men and women worked tirelessly over the years to get to this point. Many were meet with death and death threats for their effort. Many were terrorized on a daily basis by hate-filled White mobs. Many died before their hopes were fulfilled.
White supremacists on the offensive
Thirty years after losing the Civil War, White supremacists, feeling their way of life was under siege, losing economic ground to freed slaves, went on the offensive against innocent Black Americans who are trying to build their lives after 300 years of slavery.
Black Americans hungering for recognition saw the hidden hate and jealousy of White supremacists boiling to the surface. White supremacists saw hard working Black Americans find a degree of financial success after attending Black schools and colleges, felt they would lose control of local economics. So, they made the ultimate decision to make them “honorary slaves” through racism, prejudice, murder, intimidation and above all, “never give them recognition” in the mid 1890s.
After being denied educational opportunities as slaves, enslaved parents taught their children the value of education and why attending school would be a personal benefit. Black children by the hundreds of thousands were determined to go to and stay in school, get a job, and stay on the job.
The only way to a secure financial future and make a successful contribution to society was through education. Next, African American children were told to Work hard and keep learning to be better citizens. This was the only way to have something to share with their children and family, White mobs, seeing this success, worked in the shadows, plotting to deny African Americans recognition, to destroy their economics and their lives.
African Americans under armed attack
Over 2,000 White supremacists, also called insurrectionists, violently murdered, kidnapped, tortured, and overthrew the elected government in Wilmington, North Carolina on Thursday, November 10, 1898. It was called Wilmington insurrection of 1898. Again was the mistaken belief that violence resulting in the death and injury of hundreds would prevent due recognition.
White supremacists across America continued their racial terror against Black Americans with thousands dead and millions in property damage.
The Chicago race riot of 1919 during the “Red Summer” of 1919 with over 2,000 homes and buildings destroyed and 38 deaths.
The Ocoee, Florida massacre was a White supremacists mob attack on African-American residents in Ocoee, Florida, which occurred on November 2, 1920. There were 30–35 Black people killed and their homes burnt to the ground.
Over 5,000 White supremacists destroyed the Greenwood neighborhood in the Tulsa Race Massacre in 1921. White mobs caused over 300 deaths and over two hundred million dollars in personal property damage, burning every home and business to the ground.
The entire town of Rosewood, Florida was destroyed in 1923 with an estimated 300 Blacks murdered by a White supremacists mob lead by men with badges. No one was arrested or charged in these crimes.
All of this hate-filled terror occurred all across America in many other communities since 1865. All of this violence in America failed to stop recognition and stifle the economic freedom of African Americans. Historians are saying these hate groups are on the wrong side of history. Historians agree on one basic fact when it comes to violence as a solution to progress related grievances – “Violence only slows progress then it comes back even bigger and faster”. The journey to full recognition marched on.
Journey to a holiday gets closer
This journey to recognize African Americans as “deserving” of the freedoms guaranteed by the Founding Fathers, of which Abraham Lincoln spoke, now seems within reach.
This Juneteenth bill is a good start and will help erase the “stain of slavery” and its effects on American families. Slavery, is what many historians have called America’s “original sin,” continues to be a “stain” on the fabric of life in America and the unity of Americans as “One nation under God”.
Intolerance, regardless of the source, hurts the perpetrator of this “stain” as much as the persecuted. This “stain of slavery” has hurt the perpetrators and their future prospects of stress-free community inter-actions.
Intolerance is learned behavior that’s being taught. It is preventing America from having a smooth transition from a less than desirable community of divisive groups to becoming a thriving nation on the way to building a “more perfect union”.
U.S. Senator promises to introduce a bill
In Washington, the most senior Republican in the Senate said on Thursday, June 18, 2020, that he would introduce a bill to make Juneteenth (June 19) a federal holiday. As of now, 49 states (South Dakota do not recognize Juneteenth) honor Juneteenth as a state holiday. Many democratic members of congress (some for over 20 years) have joined this effort to make Juneteenth (June 19) a national federal holiday.
Sen. John Cornyn, R-Texas, and Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee, D-Texas, first introduced the bill last spring at the height of racial tension in the country following the murder of George Floyd, but they could not garner the support needed. Now, about a year later, the bill included 18 GOP co-sponsors.
This bill, once passed by the House and signed by President Joe Biden, will make Juneteenth the 11th national holiday.
United States Congress takes action
On Tuesday, June 15, 2021, the US Senate Passed the 2021 Juneteenth bill, titled the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act, with 60 Senate cosponsors. Juneteenth celebrates the end of slavery on June 19, 1865.
On Wednesday, June 16, 2021, The House of Representatives passed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act with a 415-14 vote.
President Joe Biden and the Juneteenth Bill
On Thursday, June 17, 2021, President Joe Biden, accompanied by Vice President Kamala Harris, signed into law, at the White House (the house that slaves built) at 4:00 pm EDT, the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act. Invited guests came to the White House to witness this extraordinary moment.
Ms Opal Lee, of Fort Worth, who was at the signing, is the 94-year-old known as the “Grandmother of Juneteenth” due to her non-stop and tireless campaigning to make the commemoration of the end of slavery in the U.S. a national federal holiday, was there to witness the signing.
“It’s not just one little old lady in tennis shoes who wanted Juneteenth to be a national holiday,” she said, citing the work of the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation founded by the late Dr. Ronald Myers. This was a collective effort by millions to make Juneteenth a federal holiday.
President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act just feet away from where President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862.
The hopes and dreams of millions of enslaved African Americans for recognition, has been realized with the support of President Joe Biden and countless others, both those in government and civilians, from Senators to Representatives like the late Civil Rights icon, John Lewis and the late John Conyers, the Dean of the House of Representatives.
This Juneteenth law becomes the 11th national holiday of recognition to be celebrated every year on June 19. All across America, African Americans, Americans of various backgrounds, and many other ethnic groups, celebrated the news as they watched the signing live on television as a step in the right direction.
On Saturday, June 19, 2021, and every June 19 thereafter, all across the land, festivals, concerts, banquets, and more – will be celebrating the end of this long mountainous journey to JUNETEENTH, the 11th national holiday.
Juneteenth being a federal holiday does not mean “all is well.” Just as the end of slavery did not end on June 19, 1865, it would be another six months before the Thirteenth Amendment, passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, would take effect.
Next it had to be ratified by the required 27 of the then 36 states on December 6, 1865. Having been ratified by states, the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was proclaimed or announced throughout the country on December 18, 1865 – stating “all slaves were free”. That date was the official end of slavery in America.
Likewise today, Juneteenth holiday is a good beginning. Juneteenth affirms the enduring achievements of African Americans, and unites all Americans in recognition of that fact. It endorses the continued fight for progress and equality for all Americans.
Yes, many historians have said that there’s much more work to do as a nation to begin the process of ending the centuries of racial hatred and discrimination with its racial violence.
The day of recognition has arrived
This Juneteenth Day, a day of recognition, has had a long journey. Now that it’s here, the real work begins!
Juneteenth holiday has a positive message. A message of hope and unity. Juneteenth begins the work of educating ourselves and the greater community about the significance of this Juneteenth moment.
Juneteenth advocates for the involvement of all Americans, to help unify America. The goal is for everyone to do their part in making the country truly United States, that’s right, the United States of America, “a more perfect union.”
Over these 156 years, there were many missed opportunities to create “a more perfect union”. The road to more recognition is now openings all “lanes” to allow more Juneteenth travelers.
The hopes and dreams of millions of hard working families and upright citizens who are African Americans have been realized with this holiday.
All Americans, including African Americans, women, men, working families, and more feel they are ever closer to seeing the opportunity to participate in the economic prosperity of America.
Juneteenth’s journey to becoming the United States 11th National Holiday from June 19, 1865 to June 17, 2021 was a 156 year trek. Juneteenth made it to reality and takes effect immediately.
Freedom Day • Jubilee Day • Liberation Day
HAPPY JUNETEENTH!
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